//this area is used to define libraries that we want to use in our code

//these are necessary to do things like 'Console.WriteLine()' below, 'Console' is a class and 'WriteLine' is a function in that class, both are in the 'System' namespace

//Namespaces are used to organize code into areas, in this example below we do not put our class 'Program' into a namespace, we will talk more on this later

using System;

//the word 'public' here is what's called an access modifier and is something we'll go over later

//the word 'class' here is to define our object 'Program', an object can contain properties and functions

public class Program

{

    //All c# console programs must have a 'Main' function

    //the word 'static' here is necessary because we use it above in the Main() function

    //the word 'void' here is the return type of the function, void means we return nothing

    public static void Main()

    {

        //In a console application we use 'Console.WriteLine' as our output

        Console.WriteLine("-Examples-");

        //When calling a 'static' function, we just use the function name with () behind it

        LoopExample();

        //When calling a 'static' function, we just use the function name with () behind it

        //when passing in a value to a function, we either use a variable or a hard-coded value as below

        ConditionalExample1(0);

        //Some functions do not have values

        ConditionalExample2();

        //Here we define a variable, and then pass it into a function, the function returns a bool so we can use the function itself as a conditional

        int test = 2;

        if (ConditionalExample3(test)) {

            Console.WriteLine("  Variable is greater than 1");

        }

        //We can also store the return as a variable

        bool test2 = false;

        test2 = ConditionalExample3(1);

    }

    //Example of a loop

    //the word 'static' here is necessary because we use it above in the Main() function

    //the word 'void' here is the return type of the function, void means we return nothing

    public static void LoopExample() 

    {

        Console.WriteLine(" -Loop Example-");

        //For loops are defined by a starting variable, a conditional and then an increase or decrease of the variable

        //i is the variable here

        //the conditional is to continue while i < 5

        //the last statement increases i each loop by 1 (++ behind a variable increases a number based variable by 1

        for(var i=0;i<5;i++) {

            Console.WriteLine("  Loop #" + i);

        }

    }

    //Example of a conditional decision

    //int x here is a variable that you can pass into a function, int is the type and x is the variable name

    public static void ConditionalExample1(int x) 

    {

        Console.WriteLine(" -Conditional Example 1-");

        //when testing a variable for a certain value, you use ==

        //when assigning a variable a certain value, you use =

        if (x == 0) {

            Console.WriteLine("  Variable is equal to 0");  

        } else if (x == 1) {

            Console.WriteLine("  Variable is equal to 1");

        } else if (x > 1) {

            Console.WriteLine("  Variable is greater than 1");

        }

    }

    //Example of a conditional decision 

    public static void ConditionalExample2() 

    {

        Console.WriteLine(" -Conditional Example 2-");

        //when assigning a variable a certain value, you use =

        int x = 1;

        //when testing a variable for a certain value, you use ==       

        if (x == 0) {

            Console.WriteLine("  Variable is equal to 0");  

        } else if (x == 1) {

            Console.WriteLine("  Variable is equal to 1");

        } else if (x > 1) {

            Console.WriteLine("  Variable is greater than 1");

        }

    }

    //Example of a conditional with a return

    //the 'bool' word below is the return type of the function

    public static bool ConditionalExample3(int x) 

    {

        Console.WriteLine(" -Conditional Example 3-");

        Console.WriteLine("  Value  ");

        //'var' word below is a way to define a variable without specifically setting the type, the value you specify after the '=' sign will set the type

        //note below that how we statically assign a type to the 'otherValue' variable by setting it to a 'bool'

        var returnValue = false;

        bool otherValue = false;

        //when testing a variable for a certain value, you use ==       

        if (x > 0) {

            returnValue = true;

        }

        //the 'return' word here is used to give back a value to the caller of this function, after that word we must specify a variable of the type 'bool'

        return returnValue;

    }

}